Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Making 100% Local Cheese

As we get ready for the next 7 Days 100% local challenge, I'm thinking through all the things that were difficult last time and trying to get ready for them.  Some things were really hard to let go of, like snacks (I eat more snacks than I realize).  Something were easier to let go of, like coffee.  Seely Farm's mint tea was so good it totally replaced coffee for me even after the challenge was over.  And some things seemed like they should not be so hard to do local, like bread and cheese.

Anyone who has been to the farmer's market, or New Seasons, knows that we have a lot of cheese in this town.  Portlanders love their cheese, especially creative cheeses from non-bovine animals.  Goat cheese. Sheep cheese.   I'm surprised someone doesn't make breast milk cheese here.  With all the cheesiness around here, I thought taking some time to track down 100% local cheese would just be a matter of a few phone calls.

Well, I was wrong.

Let's step back for a moment.  Cheese is basically pretty simple. You need milk.  You need an acid to make the milk curdle. You need to separate the curds from the whey.  You need to let it dry to some extent to firm up.  You do more or less of this depending on what kind of cheese you want to make.  If it's so simple, then why no 100% local?  I asked around at the farmer's market and got different reasons, but the answers were the same.  Cheese makers use imported enzymes because they are manufactured to produce consistent results.

One cheese maker clearly thought it was stupid not to use these enzymes in any case.

Other cheese makers though it would be fine to experiment with smaller batches.  For larger commercial production, the reliability of the manufactured enzymes was just too important.

So, if I wanted to have 100% local cheese for local week, I wasn't going to get it from a cheese maker.

(The good ladies at Heidi Ho Vegan Cheeses were very interested in taking on the challenge of making a 100% local vegan cheese.  The only problem was what kind of coagulant to use.  The coagulant they use now comes from plants that grow just off the coast...of Chile.)

To find out for myself if it could be done, I bought a cheese making book.  Found the simplest recipe in the book. And gave it a shot.

I made the Bondon.  With only 3 required ingredients, it seemed like a good place to start.

Whole Milk
Mesophilic Starter
Rennet
Salt and herbs are optional.

Rennet traditionally made from the lining of a very young cow's stomach.  However, many people nowadays use vegetable rennet.  You buy it in a little bottle and use a very small amount to get the curds and whey to separate.  In the cheese book, there is a little side box that talks about vegetable rennet.  One of the sources for this is Stinging Nettles.  Conveniently, Stinging Nettles grow locally. I got some at Pastaworks on Hawthorne.  After crushing some of these stinging nettles through a garlic press, i got the one drop of liquid rennet I needed for the recipe.  I also got a tingly thumb for the next 3 days.

Mesophilic starter is another thing that helps the rennet separate the curds and the whey.  The book recommends you get this in little packets, but I thought there must be a better way.  That is when I found Dr. Fankhauser's cheese website.  Cultured buttermilk is a mesophilic starter!  Where ever the recipe asks for prepared mesophilic starter, you can substitute cultured buttermilk.  I grabbed some buttermilk at the store.

Now, my goal was to see if all these improvisations would work.  Would fresh pressed stinging nettle juice really act as rennet?  Would the cultured buttermilk really be a good starter?  24 hours later I found out the answer is YES.  They did work just fine for the Bondon cheese.  The cheese was a mild and spreadable.  Sort of like a cream cheese, but with a little tang like a farmhouse goat cheese.  One part I only added salt to. The other I added some garlic powder and dried herbs.  It was very good.

I have no reason to believe they would not work for other kinds of cheeses too.

Wait, What About the Buttermilk?
So, there is one catch in this and it is the cultured buttermilk.  Cultured buttermilk is not like normal buttermilk.  Normal buttermilk is basically the skim-milk-ish leftovers from making butter.  Cultured buttermilk is totally different.  It is milk that has a bunch of bacteria in it and is thick like a smoothy.  The bacteria is what you need for making cheese because it gets the milk to separate for the rennet.  Having cultured buttermilk is pretty important and is key to making local cheese.  So making it 100% local (like wild yeast sour dough starter) is a prerequisite for making 100% local cheese.

If you read any recipe for how to make buttermilk they all say to add buttermilk cultures to milk and that makes cultured buttermilk.  That's like saying if you want chocolate milk, add chocolate to milk. It doesn't really help.

Welcome to the Raw Milk Revolution
After looking for a while, the only recipe I could find for truly home made cultured buttermilk is on Dr. Fankhauser's Buttermilk page. If you scroll down to the section entitled "Making Cultured Buttermilk from Scratch" you will see the recipe.  The risky part is that making cultured buttermilk requires starting with raw milk.

Raw milk is not legal for commercial sale in many places.  The Campaign for Real Milk is one organization that is all about getting people to drink more unpasteurized milk.  They have a long list of Oregon dairy farms that sell raw milk, and many of them are right outside Portland.

Raw milk is something that I know little about and have heard mixed opinions about, so I decided to do some research.

The Food Poison Journal has a Raw Milk Scorecard for 2010.  Perhaps I'm being shallow, but if you are being tracked on a website called the "Food Poison Journal", that is not a good sign.

Overall, of the articles that I read, the case of the Hartmann Dairy in Minnesota seems a great example of the conundrum of raw milk.    In a nut shell, 4 (possibly 5) people got sick from the milk at Hartmann Farm.  Investigators know it was from the same farm because they used fancy scientific tests to isolate the bacterial DNA and wrote a report about the Hartmann case.  This resulted in the state of Minnesota placing an embargo on products from the farm.

Well, the Hartmanns strongly disagree.  Citing that none of the dairy or animals tested on the farm had any form of e.coli present, they feel like the state has done a bad job and hurt the reputation of the dairy.

The crux of the situation, in my mind, is summed up nicely in the article:
In many cases, says the fact sheet, only particular batches of product may have been contaminated. And because in many cases, perishable products have already been consumed, they aren't available for testing. 
This is the difficulty of the raw milk debate.  A couple people get sick.  The evidence is hard to find because of the perishable nature of the product.  The state does some tests.  The farms refute those tests.  It's hard to tell what the real situation is or what your risk as a general consumer is.

No one denies that raw milk has a chance to contain e.coli and other bad bacteria.  Maybe that chance is very, very small.  Maybe it is so small, that it does not bother some people.  I am normally up for a food adventure, and if it was only me, then this would probably not be an issue.  However, when it comes to my kids, I'd rather play it safe.  Health insurance is great, but I don't want to test it.

99% Local Cheese
So, this puts truly 100% local cultured buttermilk out of the question, and with it goes the option of 100% local cheese.  We'll have to settle for 99% local cheese, I guess.  Unless someone out there knows of a 100% local source for safe buttermilk in the Portland area, this case is closed.

I'll still be making cheese for local week.  It's pretty darn close to 100%.  But that is part of the project, right?  Find the gaps. Find ways to fill them.

Someone out there can safely make 100% local cultured buttermilk, I'm sure of it.  I just have to find them...

Saturday, March 19, 2011

100% Local Bread from Mel and Grand Central Bakery

Bread coming out of the oven at Grand Central Baking in Portland Oregon.
Many of you may know that my family did 7 days 100% local last fall.  While there were many challenges that week, one of the toughest was making bread.  We use a lot of bread--breakfast toast, school lunch sandwiches for my daughter, etc.  Knowing that bread was a key part of our diet and we would not be able to go 7 days without it, we tried to make our own wild yeast bread.  I wasn't great. Edible, but not great.

Now that we are doing the 7 Days 100% Local Challenge again, I knew it would be critical to come up with a solution to the bread issue.  So I reached out to Grand Central Bakery.  Knowing their commitment to local sources, I was hoping they would be into the challenge.  You can imagine how happy I was to get an email back from them saying they were in!

The Grand Central Tour
Mixing dough for ciabatta.
On Thursday, Kim and I were treated to a tour of the main Grand Central bakery.  Mel Darbyshire, their master baker, gave us a tour of the facility and explained how they source their ingredients.  It was impressive the lengths she goes to to support local growers and producers as much as they can.  For instance, they now get 100% of their wheat from Sheppard's Grain.  Their honey comes from Hood River.  They source potatoes from local farms as much as they can.  Mel is constantly on the look out for new local sources that can replace as many of the industrial products as possible.  It's not as easy as it might seem.  Commercial bakeries need quality, consistency and volume.  Not many small farms can deliver on all these fronts.

Mel's commitment to keeping the production of the bread as close to "by hand" was also impressive.  Because of the size of the operation, some automation is necessary.  But the criteria is always to ensure that the product does not become a "machined" loaf.  For instance, only the baguettes and buns are shaped by a machine.  All the other loafs are done by hand.  This is amazing considering the number of loafs that are produced there 24 hours a day.

Getting ready to shape some loaves
Another example is the automatic proofer.  Grand Central recently bought a proofer to help proof the loaves.  It was a slow decision for them to do this, as Mel does not believe in rushing the process.  However, do to some specific issues related to air circulation and the layout of the bakery itself, it eventually became clear that a proofer could help out.  However, even though they now have the ability to hurry the proofing process along, Mel chooses not to.  The settings on the proofer are basically the same as the bakery.   Same air temperature.  Same humidity.  The only difference is inside the proofer the environment is consistent from floor to ceiling.  This allows all the bread to proof evenly, and reduces waste while keeping the proofing process itself true. It also allows them to make more loaves overall.

The New 100% Local Loaf
At the end of the tour, we got a real treat.  Mel has created a special 100% local bread loaf.  It's a wild yeast loaf made with a corn levain and subtle honey sweetness.

It's delicious.  Especially toasted with butter.

We were treated to a sample.  Mel is still finalizing the formula, but the results so far cannot be denied.  And it's a beautiful looking loaf.

Once the recipe is finalized, the loaf will be available for sale at all Grand Central locations.  Huge thanks to Grand Central and Mel for a great tour and for taking a personal interest in 100% local food.